Colorectal cancer (CRC)

Staging

Staging is based on the TNM classification.

The stage (extent of spread) of colorectal cancer depends on how deep it grows into the wall and whether it has spread beyond the colon or rectum.

Source

Tumor size (T)

Primary tumor (T):

  • TX — insufficient data to evaluate the primary tumor;
  • Tis — preinvasive cancer (intraepithelial or lamina propria invasion);
  • T1 — a tumor spreads into the submucosal layer of the intestinal wall;
  • T2 — a tumor spreads to the muscle layer without sprouting into the intestinal wall;
  • T3 — a tumor grows into all layers of the intestinal wall with spread into fatty tissue without affecting neighboring organs. For the upper ampullar rectum and rectosigmoid colon (covered by the peritoneum), T3 indicates the spread to subserosis (tumors do not invade the serous membrane).
  • T4 — a tumor grows into the surrounding organs and tissues or the serous membrane.
    • T4a — growth into the visceral peritoneum.
    • T4b — growth into other organs and structures.

Spread to nearby lymph nodes (N)

  • NX — insufficient data to evaluate regional lymph nodes.
  • N0 — there is no involvement of regional lymph nodes.
  • N1 — metastases in 1-3 (inclusive) regional lymph nodes.
  • N1a — metastases in 1 regional lymph node.
  • N1b — metastases in 2-3 lymph nodes.
  • N1c — inseminated mesentery without involvement of regional lymph nodes.
  • N2 — metastases in more than 3 regional lymph nodes.
  • N2a — 4-6 lymph nodes are affected.
  • N2b — 7 or more lymph nodes are affected.

Spread (metastasis) to distant organs (M)

  • M0 — no distant metastases.
  • M1 — presence of distant metastases.
  • M1a — presence of distant metastases in one organ.
  • M1b — presence of distant metastases in more than one organ.
  • M1c — metastases in the peritoneum.

Colon cancer staging

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