Pancreatic cancer

Staging

Staging is based on the TNM classification.

Primary tumor (T):

TX — insufficient data to evaluate the primary tumor

Tis — carcinoma in situ (including high grade pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia, intraductal papillary mucinous tumor with severe dysplasia, intraductal tubulopapillary tumor with severe dysplasia, mucinous cystic tumor with severe dysplasia)

T1 — the tumor is confined to the pancreas and in the greatest dimension is no bigger than 2 cm

T2 — the tumor is confined to the pancreas and is larger than 2 cm but no more than 4cm

T3 — a tumor is larger than 4 cm

T4 — the tumor is growing outside the pancreas and into nearby major blood vessels (e.g. celiac trunk, superior mesenteric or common hepatic artery), regardless of size

Regional lymph nodes (N)

(morphological examination of at least 12 lymph nodes)

NX — insufficient data to evaluate regional lymph nodes

N0 — no signs of metastatic involvement of regional lymph nodes

N1 — presence of metastases in 1-3 regional lymph nodes

N2 — presence of metastases in 4 or more regional lymph nodes

Distant metastases (M)

M0 — no distant metastases

M1 — presence of distant metastases

Staging of pancreatic cancer